LUNG CANCER

THE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF LUNG CANCER

About:-

• Lung cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lungs.
• If it remains without treatment this growth can spread beyond the lung by process called Metastasis into the nearby tissues or the other parts of body.
• Most cancers that start in lungs are primary lung cancers are Carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.
• The main types of lung cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer and Non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).
• The common symptoms are coughing of blood, weight loss and shortness of breath.
• It also causes by long term exposure to tobacco smoke , which causes 80-90 % of lung cancers.
• Non smokers effect for 10-15 % lung cancer cases, and also causes by genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos and air pollution including Second hand smoke.
• Lung cancer is identified by Computed tomography (CT scan) and chest radiograph.
• Common treatments are Surgery, Chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
• SCLC responds to Chemotherapy and radiotherapy while NSCLC responds to Surgery.
• Overall 15 % of people in the United States are recognised by lung cancer and surviving five years after diagnosis.
• Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death in Men and Women and responsible for 1.38 million deaths as 2008 survey.

Signs and symptoms:-

• Respiratory symptoms : coughing, coughing up blood, shortness of breath.
• Systemic symptoms : weight loss, fever and clubbing of finger nails.
• Symptom due to local compress: Chest pain, Bone pain, difficulty swallowing.
• If the cancer cause in airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties.

Causes:

• Cancer develops following genetic damage to DNA.
• This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death(apoptosis) and DNA repair.
• As more damage accumulates, the risk of cancer increases.

Smoking:

• Smoking particularly of cigarettes is main factor of lung cancer.
• Nicotine appears to depress the immune response to cancerous growths in exposed tissues.
• In the year 2000, 90 % of lung cancer deaths in men and 70 %  in women is by smoking.
• Non smokers means inhalation of smoke from another's smoke.
• Investigation of Side stream smoke suggest it is more dangerous than direct smoke.

Radon gas:

• Radon gas is a colourless and odourless gas  generated by breakdown of radio active radium which in turn is the decay product of uranium, found in the earth's crust.
• The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that one in 15 homes in the US has radon levels above the recommended guideline of 4 picocuries per litre.

Asbestos:

• Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases including lung cancers.
• Tobacco smoking and asbestos have a synergistic effect on the formation of lung cancer.
• It can also cause cancer of pleura called mesothelioma.

Air pollution:

• Increased risk of lung cancer from indoor air pollution related to the burning of wood, charcoal, dung or crop residue for cooking and heating.
• Women exposed to indoor coal smoke have about twice the risk and burning of biomass products known as suspected carcinogens.

Prevention:

• Prevention is the most cost-effective means of decreasing lung cancer development.
• In most countries industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned, but tobacco smoking is still widespread.
• Eliminating tobacco smoking is a primary goal in the prevention of lung cancer.
• Policy interventions to decrease passive smoking in public areas such as restaurants and work places have become more common in many Western countries.
• The World Health Organisation has called for governments to institute a total ban on tobacco advertising to prevent young people to taking up smoking.
• The long term use of supplemental vitamin A , vitamin C , vitamin D ,vitamin E does not reduce the risk of lung cancer.
• Some studies suggest people who eat diets with a higher proportion of vegetables and fruit tend have a lower risk.
• More rigorous studies have not demonstrated a clear association.

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